This is a post on vocation and avocation from The Art of Manliness, part of a series on Finding Your Calling. It's important to distinguish between avocation (what we do to make a living, or a hobby outside of our occupation) and vocation, our calling in life, the thing about which we are passionate. I have a different take than they do in this post.
The notion of vocation comes from the Christian tradition, from vocare, "the call."
When we find the thing we are meant to do, we experience it as a calling, a sense that we were "destined" to this thing, whatever it might be.Its usage before the sixteenth century, referred firstly to the "call" by God to the individual, or calling of all humankind to salvation, particularly in the Vulgate, and more specifically to the "vocation to the priesthood", which is still the usual sense in Roman Catholicism.[2] Martin Luther [3], followed by John Calvin, placed a particular emphasis on vocations, or divine callings, as potentially including most secular occupations, though this idea was by no means new.[4]
Calvinism developed complex ideas about different types of vocations of the first type, connected with the concepts of Predestination, Irresistible grace, and the elect. There are the vocatio universalis, the vocatio specialis, only extended to some. There were also complex distinctions between internal and external, and the "vocatio efficax" and "inefficax" types of callings.[5] Hyper-Calvinism, unusually, rejects the idea of a "universal call" to repent and believe, held by virtually all other Christian groups.
In Protestantism the call from God to devote one's life to him by joining the clergy is often covered by the English equivalent term "call", whereas in Roman Catholicism "vocation" is still used.
James Hillman's "acorn theory," the moderately Jungian idea that each of is born with a unique image (Hillman, borrowing from the Greeks, calls it "daemon") that shapes and informs our basic character. He elaborates this idea in The Force of Character, his sequel to The Soul's Code.
This is from Wikipedia's entry on Hillman, referring here to The Soul's Code:
It argues against the 'nature and nurture' only explanations of individual growth, suggesting a third kind of energy, the individual soul, is responsible for much of individual character, aspiration, and achievement. It also argues against other environmental and external factors as being the sole determinants of individual growth, including the parental fallacy, dominant in psychoanalysis, whereby our parents are seen as crucial in determining who we are by supplying us with genetic material, conditioning, and behavioral patterns. While acknowledging the importance of external factors in the blossoming of the seed, it argues against attributing all of human individuality, character and achievement to these factors. The book suggests reconnection with the third, superior factor, in discovering our individual nature, and in determining who we are and our life's calling.OK, then, on to the article from The Art of Manliness. In this article, the author sees the avocation as that thing done in the time we have outside of work, here seen as vocation. This is opposite of what has traditionally been seen as the nature of vocation.
I prefer the idea that our vocation is our calling, even if we cannot make a living doing it. However, I believe we can usually find a way to make a living with our passion - I am a personal training because fitness, health, and helping others is one of my passions. I am becoming a therapist because psychology and the healthy mind is another of my passions. Both of these vocations are centered on healing others, which I see as my vocation in life.
Related Manly Posts:Editor’s note: In conjunction with the series we’re doing on vocation and calling, we will be publishing excerpts from Self-Culture Through the Vocation by Edward Howard Griggs (1914).
Vocation and Avocation
Even when one succeeds in avoiding the dangers of the specific calling, in any vocation one may discover, after a time, that one has used up much of the opportunity for culture and, sometimes, even for service. Routine repetition teaches, but not what original achievement taught. If one needs heroic ability for dead work, to make the vocation a way of life one needs, as well, capacity for constant readjustment and the grasping of fresh opportunity. When one has achieved supremely, it is time to do something else. Success may tempt one to travel the same rutworn road again, where failure challenges one to make a fresh start.
When one discovers that the best lessons have been learned in a certain field of work and the main contribution given, what then is to be done? More often than, in this country especially, we are apt to believe possible, one may change one’s work. We are so anxious to get settled early in life that we are apt to think the first friendship we form is our life comradeship. Sometimes it is, much more often it distinctly is not. So we imagine the first significant work we find is our life call. Sometimes it is; more often it is but a stepping-stone in the path. Thus if we were willing to estimate life in terms higher than money and reputation, more often than usually seems possible we might pass from one opportunity to another.
Thoreau, you remember, set out in youth to make a composition pencil superior to the imported graphite one. After some experiments and labor, he succeeded, and his friends thought that now his success in life was assured and his path settled. To their surprise and chagrin he refused ever to make another. “Why should I? I have learned that lesson. Why should I repeat myself?” Unpractical, even foolish, but sublimely foolish; and Thoreau’s choice may serve as a whimsical illustration of that spirit of ever pushing onward which is the sound attitude in the vocation.
Often, however, we may not follow freely the choice and need of our own spirit. We have accepted responsibilities, and must loyally fulfill them. The way to a larger opportunity is never meanly sneaking out from under the little duty of to-day, but climbing bravely through it and off the top; and then the better chance usually comes. Thus often one must, for duty’s sake, continue in a field of work quite inadequate for the fullest culture and service.
Even then there is something we may do: we may cultivate an avocation in the margin of life. It is true, the words “vocation” and “avocation ” are currently used synonymously. That is a pity: to waste two words on one idea when both are needed for distinct conceptions. A man’s vocation is his business in life; his avocation is his business aside from his business in life. The one is the main line of action; the other, the thing he does in addition, because he chooses it.
For instance, we think of William Cullen Bryant as a poet — the earliest of our distinctively artistic American poets. We forget that William Cullen Bryant paid running expenses in the business of his life by working year after year at his desk in New York as journalist, and that the poetry, by which he always will be remembered, was achieved in the margin of life that most persons waste.
So John Stuart Mill is to us a great democrat, leader of the woman’s movement, radical thinker, writer of texts in logic and political economy that remain among the best we have. Again we forget that Mill paid running expenses in the business of his life by working for thirty-five years, from the age of seventeen to that of fifty-two, six days in the week, eleven months in the year, at his desk in the office of the East India Company in London, drafting telegrams and letters for the government of the native states of India; and all the great work by which the world will remember him was done in the margin of time most persons waste and some deliberately try to kill. “Killing time”—murdering opportunity!
I recall, in the letters of Matthew Arnold, published some years ago, several passages in which Arnold expresses his regret that he cannot write poetry and criticism as he would, because of the dissipating effect of his duties as Inspector of Schools. It comes over one with a shock of surprise that Matthew Arnold — poet, essayist, leader in advanced thinking in his generation — earned his living by the exhausting labor of inspecting schools and reporting upon them to the British government, and that his literary work represents an avocation, pursued in such leisure as he could command.
Now it is a pity that England should have kept John Stuart Mill for thirty five years in the office of the East India Company, and that she should have held Matthew Arnold for the same period of time to the wearisome task of School Inspector. The right attitude for Mill and Arnold, however, was not to do as so many young persons who like to think they have the artistic temperament are apt to do — to sit down and bewail the world’s failure to appreciate their greatness, to complain that some rich man does not send them to Europe, that they must remain “mute, inglorious Miltons “— not to do that; but to go earnestly to work and earn their living in some honest vocation, and do the other thing also, as an avocation.
With this combination of activities, the culture through the vocation is multiplied. Read the two brief but pregnant pages in which John Stuart Mill tells of the education that came to him from his thirty-five years’ work for the East India Company — how he learned statesmanship, to make ideas prevail, to adjust his own convictions to the minds of others, to get the best possible when he could not attain all he desired — and you realize that if nine out of ten of our college professors and writers in sociology and political economy were forced to take ten years of Mill’s drudgery, we should have far saner teaching and much wiser books in the fields mentioned.
Blessed, therefore, is the man or woman with a hobby, with some big, strong, intellectual or artistic interest aside from the main line of work. In the arithmetic of the spirit two things may be less than one. If your life is very much over-burdened with routine work, then add another task, and the strain of the whole is less than that of the part. This cannot be shown in a sum upon the blackboard, but it is easy to prove in life. Every student ought to know that if he has just so many hours to work, and will subtract one hour a day and spend it in healthy play or vigorous physical action, he has more time left for his studies…
Thus in the main path of life it is true that two tasks are often done more easily than one, and the cultivation of some strong interest as an avocation, not only achieves the direct result there, but sends one back to the vocation refreshed, inspired, and so better equipped to attain the great ends of life.
1 comment:
Central to the idea of dead work is something that is also central to the idea of manliness: that it is not to be questioned. The ideal of the yoke is seldom taught today. For anyone to become truly realized in the society of men, one must first learn the way of the slave.
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