Heart disease is an issue in my family - my father died from it, as did his father, and my maternal grandfather, as well. Maybe it makes more sense now why I am a personal trainer?

So I am 46 years old, 6 ft 1 inch tall, 195 lbs, 31 inch waist, 135 total cholesterol (70 of that is HDL), and my blood pressure is 100 over 65 most days. According to the website that can help you determine your "heart age," I am 31. I guess that is good, except that they think I am overweight at 195 lbs (despite my waist size and, which they did not ask for, my low body-fat percentage).

People who know their 'heart age' make greater improvements to their heart health

Date: February 5, 2014
Source: Kaizo
Summary: New research suggests that talking to patients about their heart health using the "Heart Age" concept, a simple way of estimating and expressing cardiovascular risk, promotes behavioral changes that result in a reduction in their CVD risk, leading to improved health outcomes.

Risk scores for diseases such as CVD are usually presented as the percent chance of contracting the disease within the next ten years. The Heart Age Calculator, http://www.heartage.me, uses the same well established risk factor data, but expresses an individual's risk score as their estimated Heart Age to make it more personally relevant to the individual.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the world's biggest killer(3), but doctors have long struggled to explain risk factors to patients in a way that encourages them to change their behaviour thus reducing risk. Previous research has shown that Heart Age is more likely to be understood and motivate people to make positive changes than traditional % risk scores, especially those who are at higher levels of modifiable risk(4).

Now, for the first time, researchers have shown that using the Heart Age tool to raise awareness of CVD risk promotes behavioural changes that result in a decrease in CVD risk. Researchers at the University of the Balearic Islands, Spain carried out the study amongst 3,153 patients, who were randomly assigned to one of three groups before completing an annual health assessment. One group was then presented with their CVD risk expressed as a % risk, while another received the same information expressed as their estimated Heart Age. A third control group received general guidance on healthy living only. Follow up measurements were recorded a year later during the subsequent annual health assessment.

Dr Pedro Tauler, researcher belonging to the Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles and Health from the University of the Balearic Islands, commented "We know that traditional risks scores can be confusing. We wanted to test whether using the Heart Age Calculator to talk to patients about their CVD risk would have an effect on motivating them to adopt healthier lifestyles and, in turn, reduce their risk of developing CVD."

The results showed that patients who had been told their CVD risk (both as a percentage or Heart Age) demonstrated significant decreases in their risk scores compared to the control group, with improvements being greatest in the Heart Age group. Furthermore, patients who were told their Heart Age were far more likely to take action to live healthier lifestyles, such as quitting smoking. Quitting rate for smokers was four times greater in the Heart Age group compared to those who received the traditional percentage risk scores.

The authors highlight that the significant improvement in CVD risk seen in this study in the Heart Age group was reached with no intervention other than informing participants of their Heart Age.

Dr Pedro Tauler said: "This would suggest that the mere fact of presenting the patients with information that is easy to understand has a positive effect in engaging them to take preventive action. Heart Age is a cost- and time-effective strategy to motivate patients to adopt a healthier lifestyle that results in a reduction in their CVD risk. The simplicity of the tool and the fact that it is easy to understand are core to its effectiveness."

Story Source: The above story is based on materials provided by Kaizo. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

Journal Reference:
A. A. Lopez-Gonzalez, A. Aguilo, M. Frontera, M. Bennasar-Veny, I. Campos, T. Vicente-Herrero, M. Tomas-Salva, J. De Pedro-Gomez, P. Tauler. (2014). Effectiveness of the Heart Age tool for improving modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in a Southern European population: a randomized trial. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology; DOI: 10.1177/2047487313518479

What's Normal Testosterone Anyway? The Complex Truth About Low Testosterone

From Men's Journal, two articles to help men understand a little more about what testosterone is whether or not we should be supplementing with it when our testosterone gets lower with age.

Here is my educated and largely minority position:

I support testosterone replacement with a doctor's guidance and with close attention to the details of side effects and outcomes. BUT I only support this when the two best approaches have been exhausted - diet and weight training - both of which increase natural testosterone levels.

A diet with adequate protein, 1/3 of fat calories from monounsaturated fats, at least 10% of fat calories coming from saturated fats, and so on, can jack up your testosterone. All of the sex hormones are made from cholesterol (which is why we need the saturated fat), and we also need the monounsaturated fats for healthy hormone production.

Heavy weight training (4-8 reps per set, and multiple sets with the aim of 24-35 total reps per exercise) has a powerful impact on test levels.

If those approaches have been tried and given time to work (with regular checks of hormone levels), then we can look at T replacement. My caveat to this is that we also need to use an aromatase inhibitor to prevent any excess T from being converted to estrogen. An occasional dose of clomiphene can also keep natural testosterone from cessation and reduce estrogenic side effects. However, most T replacement protocols provide so little T that the risk of conversion is slight.

But I am not a doctor, so check with your own doctor before yadda, yadda, yadda.

Anyway, here ya go.

What's Normal Testosterone Anyway?

Deciphering what normal testosterone means.

While we're all being conditioned by health-care pros to "know our numbers" – from cholesterol to blood pressure – precisely what constitutes normal for testosterone seems less clear. When the Endocrine Society first set their guidelines in 2006, they did so based on the readings of some 120 males (dropping the highest and lowest few percentiles) and arriving at a range between 288-1,000 (ng./dl.), with most doctors setting the cut-off point for men at 300. But even this number is merely a guideline, and it's not unlikely that normal men with no symptoms of low testosterone would have levels in the 200 range. Most doctors agree that the number should only matter if you have multiple symptoms of low T, and like Dr. Gregory Bernstein, believe a number may be highly individualized. "Some men may live at what would be considered a low level, and that's normal for them," he says. "Whereas other men need higher levels. It goes back to the question that we don't know what truly is normal."

– Mark Healy

The Complex Truth About Low Testosterone

Illustration by John Ueland

Should you take testosterone?

Over the past few years anyone who's turned on a TV or opened up a Web browser has probably been bombarded with come-ons about low testosterone – or "low T" – and the crucial role the hormone plays in a man's health. And with good reason. After all, the problem of testosterone deficiency is in many ways the perfect medical problem: It's easy to correct with supplemental doses of the hormone, and treating it combats an array of inevitable, age-related conditions: depression, low energy, inability to build muscle, trouble sleeping, waning libido, even heart problems. Now, thanks to a savvy, shame-free marketing campaign by various companies offering testosterone gels – the "low T" business is booming. Sales of supplemental testosterone have more than doubled since 2006 and there are as many as 5.6 million men estimated to be currently taking testosterone. Men over 40 are showing up at their doctor's office wondering if their T levels are high enough, and whether they could benefit from cranking them up a notch.

But, as promising as hormone replacement is, the intricacies of our body chemistry largely remain a mystery, and there's still little consensus over which patients actually need testosterone supplements and what levels are considered abnormally low. Though the potential repercussions of the therapy – the lowering of sperm production and the possible hastening of existing prostate cancer – are understood and acknowledged, there is no shortage of men looking to take advantage of a little hormonal edge.

"You have all the drug companies pushing their formulations, and saying that testosterone replacement is the be-all, end-all," says Dr. Gregory Bernstein, a urologist at Washington Urology at Virginia Hospital Center. "But the fact is, this is sort of in its infancy still. There's a lot we don't know about testosterone."

Scott Berliner, a clinical integrative pharmacist who has been administering hormone therapy, including testosterone, for more than 25 years, believes that we need to look at the causes of low testosterone rather than merely replacing what the body is lacking. Two culprits, he says, are stress and the abundance of toxins – from the parabens and heavy metals in our deodorant and shampoos to the chemicals in our food – that raise male estrogen levels while lowering testosterone. Berliner points to a fairly complicated process called "cortisol steal" in which cortisol, a sort of superhormone the body uses to cope with stress and to process information, can throw off testosterone production by robbing the body of other hormones (namely DHEA) it would otherwise use to make testosterone. "Basically when you have a lot of stress and a lot of information to process, the body's requirement of cortisol goes up, and often the body will rob [from the DHEA] to make more cortisol rather than testosterone. That's why stress can lower libido. Combine that with the amount of toxins the average person consumes, and the process of making testosterone is disrupted." Before beginning a program of testosterone, Berliner suggests patients first limit their intake of testosterone-inhibiting chemicals by switching to chemical-free grooming products and adopting an organic diet.

Some physicians are beginning to take a more measured approach because the therapy is still relatively new and may have regrettable side effects. Exacerbating any existing prostate cancer is the main worry, and testosterone therapy is not recommended for men who have the disease or have a high risk of the disease. Bernstein exercises greater vigilance of the prostate in patients who are on testosterone therapy. "There are no studies that show that testosterone replacement causes prostate cancer," he says, "but if you're going to go on testosterone replacement, you need to be extra vigilant in your prostate-cancer screening now that we've revved up the system. These prostate cells are getting stimulated by this extra testosterone, and now you've sort of unleashed the cancer cells to start multiplying as well."

Another, more surprising, potential effect of supplemental testosterone is a drop in sperm production. So when treating patients who are suffering from low T who want to remain fertile, Bernstein prescribes clomiphene citrate (Clomid is one brand name), which stimulates sperm production in the testes as it also increases testosterone. "It's a way to stimulate the body to make its own increase in testosterone rather than taking it externally," he says. Similarly, other physicians prescribe not testosterone replacement, but a supplement of the hormonal precursors to testosterone, like the steroid DHEA.

Beyond decreased sperm production, another repercussion you don't see in the pop-up window ads asking "Is it low T?" is dependence: Once you begin taking testosterone, it's very difficult to stop because the body accommodates for the extra hormone and slows its natural production of it. In reality, replacing hormones is a lifelong commitment. Perhaps that's why some doctors are counseling patients to use caution and to look for other solutions before signing on for full testosterone therapy. Others see the gradual decrease in testosterone as a natural form of aging that we can combat by building muscle and reducing stress, even while we accept it and learn to live with it.

"I think too many people come in to see me thinking that giving them testosterone is going to be the fix for all their problems," says Bernstein, "and that's not the case. It needs to be used in the right scenario."

Dr. Ronald Swerdloff, Chief of Endocrinology at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and one of the authors of the Endocrine Society's recent guidelines, which advocated prescribing the therapy only to men who both exhibit symptoms and show low levels, sees both sides. "There are undoubtedly people who are being treated that don't meet the best guidelines. But there are many people who do meet the guidelines who aren't being treated."